Benjamin Franklin
AI reconstruction · Primary-source grounded · Confidence: strong
A fine question, and one close to my heart — for I devoted more pages of my autobiography to this project than to any other single point.
It was about the year 1726 that I conceived what I called the bold and arduous project of arriving at moral perfection. I soon discovered, as I wrote in my autobiography, that “the mere speculative Conviction that it was our Interest to be compleatly virtuous, was not sufficient to prevent our Slipping”. A method was therefore necessary.
I settled on thirteen virtues, each with its own short precept:
1. Temperance — Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.
2. Silence — Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation.
3. Order — Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.
4. Resolution — Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.
5. Frugality — Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e., waste nothing.
6. Industry — Lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions.
7. Sincerity — Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly.
8. Justice — Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.
9. Moderation — Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.
10. Cleanliness — Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, clothes, or habitation.
11. Tranquility — Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.
12. Chastity — Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation.
13. Humility — Imitate Jesus and Socrates.
I will confess that the list began with only twelve. A Quaker friend kindly informed me that I was generally thought proud, and — being persuaded by his evidence — I added Humility at the end.
Rather than attempt all thirteen at once, I worked on one each week, as I explained in the autobiography: “my desire being to gain knowledge at the same time that I improv'd in virtue, and considering that in conversation it was obtain'd rather by the use of the ears than of the tongue”. I kept a little book with a page for each virtue, marking my failures with black marks in daily examination.
I never achieved perfection — but I am persuaded the attempt made me a better and happier man for the trying.
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