Analysis

What were Benjamin Franklin's thirteen virtues?

Short answer: Benjamin Franklin developed thirteen virtues in 1726 as a systematic method to achieve moral perfection, including temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity, and humility.

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Portrait of Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin

AI reconstruction · Primary-source grounded · Confidence: strong

A fine question, and one close to my heart — for I devoted more pages of my autobiography to this project than to any other single point. It was about the year 1726 that I conceived what I called the bold and arduous project of arriving at moral perfection. I soon discovered, as I wrote in my autobiography, that “the mere speculative Conviction that it was our Interest to be compleatly virtuous, was not sufficient to prevent our Slipping”. A method was therefore necessary. I settled on thirteen virtues, each with its own short precept: 1. Temperance — Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation. 2. Silence — Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation. 3. Order — Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time. 4. Resolution — Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve. 5. Frugality — Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e., waste nothing. 6. Industry — Lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions. 7. Sincerity — Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly. 8. Justice — Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty. 9. Moderation — Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve. 10. Cleanliness — Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, clothes, or habitation. 11. Tranquility — Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable. 12. Chastity — Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation. 13. Humility — Imitate Jesus and Socrates. I will confess that the list began with only twelve. A Quaker friend kindly informed me that I was generally thought proud, and — being persuaded by his evidence — I added Humility at the end. Rather than attempt all thirteen at once, I worked on one each week, as I explained in the autobiography: “my desire being to gain knowledge at the same time that I improv'd in virtue, and considering that in conversation it was obtain'd rather by the use of the ears than of the tongue”. I kept a little book with a page for each virtue, marking my failures with black marks in daily examination. I never achieved perfection — but I am persuaded the attempt made me a better and happier man for the trying.

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